Avian flu

Weijun Chen, Bo He, Changgui Li, Xiaowei Zhang, Weili Wu, Xuyang Yin, Baoxing Fan, Xingliang Fan and Jian Wang (2007). [Real-time RT-PCR for H5N1 avian influenza A virus detection https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jmm/56/5/603.pdf?expires=1556594789&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=ED08C9C862DB759A949EE3EF3EE8DDF5]

• This RT-PCR test was created to detect the H5N1 avian influenza A virus. RT-PCR was able to detect 27 out of the 20 positive samples of AI as compared to antigen-captured ELISA which detected 13 and virus isolation which detected 19.

World Health Organization (2013). Real-time RT-PCR Protocol for the Detection of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus

• The world health organization provided protocol and primers for detecting H7N9 strain of avian influenza.

Shinji Saito, Ikuyo Takayama, Mina Nakauchi, Shiho Nagata, Kunihiro Oba, Takato Odagiri, Tsutomu Kageyama (2019). Development and evaluation of a new real‐time RT‐PCR assay for detecting the latest H9N2 influenza viruses capable of causing human infection

• this assay was created to detect the newest form of avian influenza H9N2 which has been shown to infect humans. This virus is primarily seen in China and the middle east. The result showed that this RT-PCR assay was highly sensitive and specific for detecting H9 HA detection. This assay also showed no cross-reactivity between H1-15 subtypes of influenza A viruses.

Duc Tuan Dinh, Mai Thi Quynh L, Cuong Duc Vuong , Futoshi Hasebe and Kouichi Morita (2011). An Updated Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Diagnosis of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses

• Primers were provided for the detection of H5N1 avian influenza virus by LAMP. The sensitivity of these primers were comparable to the primers provided by WHO.

Jinhai Zhang, Youjun Feng, Dan Hu, Heng Lv, Jing Zhu, Min Cao, Feng Zheng, Jin Zhu, Xiufang Gong, Lina Hao, Swaminath Srinivas, Hao Ren, Zhongtian Qi, Bingjun Li, Changjun Wang (2013). [Rapid and Sensitive Detection of H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus by Use of Reverse Transcription–Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification https://jcm.asm.org/content/51/11/3760.full]

• This assay was created to detect the H7N9 strain of avian influenza. The results showed cross reactivity with other H7 strains of influenza. Again the sensitivity of the reaction was just as good as the primers provided for PCR by WHO. For detection of the N9 subtypes this reaction showed higher sensitivity in LAMP than in PCR.