Prevotella histicola

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Scientific Classification


Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacteroidetes
Class: Bacteroidetes
Order: Bacteriodales
Family: Prevotellaceae
Genus: Prevotella
Species: P. histicola

Introduction

Prevotella histicola (T05-04) is a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria that was discovered in 2008. [1] The bacterium is a member of the Bacteroidetes phylum, which consists of gram-negative, non-sporing, aerobic or anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria, and the Bacteriodales order, which includes obligately anaerobic fermentative species [2]. Furthermore, it is a part of the Prevotellaceae family and ''Prevotella'' genus, which is a genus that consists of bacteria that reside in mammal microbiota [3] Specifically, P. histicola can be found in the oral, nasopharyngeal, gastrointestinal, and vaginal cavities in the body [4].. Living in mammal microbiota, P. histicola is an saccharolytic, obligately anaerobic commensal bacterium whose characteristics are similar to the other Prevotella species, yet its role in the human microbiota has just been recently discovered. The bacterium has demonstrated a clinical application as researchers have found that the presence of P. histicola in the human gut can modulate the pro-inflammatory immune system response and as a result, induce anti-inflammatory effects [5]. This effect differs from other ''Prevotella'' species, such as P. copri, which have been discovered to increase inflammation [6]. Research on P. histicola has shown its potential application as a clinical therapeutic. More specifically, the anti-inflammatory properties of P. histicola have been studied as an effective alternative treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Genomics

The genome of P. histicola (T05-04) was sequenced in 2008 and was found to be about 3059956 base pairs long with a G-C content, the guanine-cytosine content in the DNA backbone, of 43% (BacDive). The genome contains 2,479 coding genes and 2,535 gene transcripts [7]. The 16S rRNA sequence, which is a housekeeper gene that is studied to infer evolutionary relationships between organisms, demonstrated that the species belongs in the Prevotella genus [8]. Additionally, further BLAST sequencing found the species to be most related to ''Prevotella veroralis’’ and ''Prevotella melaninogenica’’ which both shared a 97.8% sequence identity with the P. histicola type strain (T05-04) [9] . However, DNA-DNA similarity between P. histicola and ‘’P. veroralis’’ and ‘’P. Melaninogenica’’ was 34% and 25% [10]. The genotypic analyses proved to the researchers that strain makes up its own species and as a result, was named P. histicola with histicola translating to “tissue inhabitant” [11] .

Survival in the Microbiome

P. histicola is a 0.7 x 0.8–3.0 mm bacilli commensal bacteria present in the microbiomes of mammals, specifically landing in the oral, nasopharyngeal, gastrointestinal, and vaginal cavities in the body [12] [13].. Most commonly, the bacteria are found in the digestive tract as they help their host degrade and digest biopolymers. In this way, these saccharolytic bacteria are aiding their host, while also absorbing carbohydrates for their own energy source [14]. Sequencing of various species in the Bacteriodetes phylum has demonstrated the presence of many carbohydrate-active enzymes [15] As an anaerobic saccharolytic species, the bacteria utilize fermentation as their metabolic process. They are able to ferment many various sugars, including, fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannose, raffinose and sucrose, but not arabinose, cellobiose, mannitol, melezitose, melibiose, rhamnose, ribose, salicin, sorbitol, trehalose or xylose, in order to generate energy [16]. P. histicola produces acetic acid and succinic acid as its main fermentation byproducts, similar to other Bacteroidales [17] [18]. P. histicola also produces sphingolipids, long-chain amino alcohol lipids, which are rarely produced by bacteria. Nevertheless, they are commonly produced by bacteria that inhabit the body, which suggests a role in bacterial regulation of the hosts’ body, but needs to be studied in greater depth [19].Through all of these processes, P. histicola are able to survive in the body in a commensal relationship.

Clinical Application

Research on P. histicola has become more popular as a result of its potential anti-inflammatory properties. After identifying that patients with inflammatory diseases have lower levels of P. histicola in their gut microbiota, researchers decided to investigate the impact that this bacteria species may have on the body [20]. Studies in mice have demonstrated that increased levels of P. histicola in the human gut can modulate the immune system. Treating with the bacteria led to a decreased in the number of important pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-2,IL-9, IL-13, IL-12, and TNF-α, and an increase in the number of T-regulatory cells, dendritic cells, and protective microglia, which help to lower inflammation [21]. Through treatment with P. histicola, researchers observed a decrease in arthritic symptoms, causing them to suggest the use of the bacteria as a therapeutic alternative. Studies have also been conducted in mouse models for MS in order to determine if P. histicola are capable of having a therapeutic effect [22]. They found that the bacteria alone suppresses the effects of MS by decreasing inflammation and as a result, protecting the central nervous system from demyelination [23]. Comparing the effects to the leading treatment option, they found no difference between their effectiveness. As many current drug treatments can cause a suppressed immune system, P. histicola, which merely modulates the pro-inflammatory response, could serve as a safer therapeutic option. Further research needs to be conducted in order to supplement the idea that P. histicola may be used as an effective alternative therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, MS, and other inflammatory diseases.


References

  1. ↑ Downes, J., Hooper, S.J., Wilson, M.J., and Wade, W.G. (2008). Prevotella histicola sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 1788–1791.
  2. ↑ Madigan, M., Bender, K., and Buckley, D. Brock Biology of Microorganisms.
  3. ↑ Shah, H.N., Chattaway, M.A., Rajakurana, L., and Gharbia, S.E. (2015). Prevotella. In Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, (American Cancer Society), pp. 1–25.
  4. ↑ Marietta, E.V., Murray, J.A., Luckey, D.H., Jeraldo, P.R., Lamba, A., Patel, R., Luthra, H.S., Mangalam, A., and Taneja, V. (2016). Human Gut-Derived Prevotella histicola Suppresses Inflammatory Arthritis in Humanized Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 68, 2878–2888
  5. ↑ Marietta, E.V., Murray, J.A., Luckey, D.H., Jeraldo, P.R., Lamba, A., Patel, R., Luthra, H.S., Mangalam, A., and Taneja, V. (2016). Human Gut-Derived Prevotella histicola Suppresses Inflammatory Arthritis in Humanized Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 68, 2878–2888
  6. ↑ Hofer, U. (2014). Pro-inflammatory Prevotella ? Nature Reviews Microbiology 12, 5–5.
  7. ↑ Details - Prevotella histicola F0411 - Ensembl Genomes 46.
  8. ↑ Janda, J.M., and Abbott, S.L. (2007). 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Bacterial Identification in the Diagnostic Laboratory: Pluses, Perils, and Pitfalls. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45, 2761–2764.
  9. ↑ Downes, J., Hooper, S.J., Wilson, M.J., and Wade, W.G. (2008). Prevotella histicola sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 1788–1791.
  10. ↑ Downes, J., Hooper, S.J., Wilson, M.J., and Wade, W.G. (2008). Prevotella histicola sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 1788–1791.
  11. ↑ Downes, J., Hooper, S.J., Wilson, M.J., and Wade, W.G. (2008). Prevotella histicola sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 1788–1791.
  12. ↑ Downes, J., Hooper, S.J., Wilson, M.J., and Wade, W.G. (2008). Prevotella histicola sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 1788–1791.
  13. ↑ Marietta, E.V., Murray, J.A., Luckey, D.H., Jeraldo, P.R., Lamba, A., Patel, R., Luthra, H.S., Mangalam, A., and Taneja, V. (2016). Human Gut-Derived Prevotella histicola Suppresses Inflammatory Arthritis in Humanized Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 68, 2878–2888
  14. ↑ Downes, J., Hooper, S.J., Wilson, M.J., and Wade, W.G. (2008). Prevotella histicola sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 1788–1791.
  15. ↑ Thomas, F., Hehemann, J.-H., Rebuffet, E., Czjzek, M., and Michel, G. (2011). Environmental and Gut Bacteroidetes: The Food Connection. Front Microbiol 2.
  16. ↑ Downes, J., Hooper, S.J., Wilson, M.J., and Wade, W.G. (2008). Prevotella histicola sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 1788–1791.
  17. ↑ Downes, J., Hooper, S.J., Wilson, M.J., and Wade, W.G. (2008). Prevotella histicola sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 1788–1791.
  18. ↑ Madigan, M., Bender, K., and Buckley, D. Brock Biology of Microorganisms.
  19. ↑ Heaver, S.L., Johnson, E.L., and Ley, R.E. (2018a). Sphingolipids in host–microbial interactions. Current Opinion in Microbiology 43, 92–99.
  20. ↑ Mangalam, A., and Murray, J. (2019). Microbial monotherapy with Prevotella histicola for patients with multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 19, 45–53.
  21. ↑ Marietta, E.V., Murray, J.A., Luckey, D.H., Jeraldo, P.R., Lamba, A., Patel, R., Luthra, H.S., Mangalam, A., and Taneja, V. (2016). Human Gut-Derived Prevotella histicola Suppresses Inflammatory Arthritis in Humanized Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 68, 2878–2888
  22. ↑ Shahi, S.K., Freedman, S.N., Murra, A.C., Zarei, K., Sompallae, R., Gibson-Corley, K.N., Karandikar, N.J., Murray, J.A., and Mangalam, A.K. (2019). Prevotella histicola, A Human Gut Commensal, Is as Potent as COPAXONE® in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Immunol. 10.
  23. ↑ Shahi, S.K., Freedman, S.N., Murra, A.C., Zarei, K., Sompallae, R., Gibson-Corley, K.N., Karandikar, N.J., Murray, J.A., and Mangalam, A.K. (2019). Prevotella histicola, A Human Gut Commensal, Is as Potent as COPAXONE® in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Immunol. 10.
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